1. English-I (ODL) -1423

2. Islamiyat (on Distance Learning Mode ODL)-416
3. Cell Biology Genetics and Evolution-4401
4. Inorganic Chemistry -442

Course Code: 4421                                               Credit Hours: 04 (3+1)

Unit 1.             The Periodic Law and Periodicity

History and development of periodic table. Modern periodic table. Classification of elements based on s, p, d, and f orbitals,.

Unit 2.             The Periodicity

Group trends and periodic properties in s, p, d and f block elements i.e., atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization potentials. Electron affinities, electronegativities and redox potential.

Unit 3.             Chemical Bonding

Nature and types of chemical bonding, Lewis concepts, ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent bond; Valence Bond Theory (VBT) Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT). Interpretation of shapes of inorganic molecules on the basis of valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and hybridization.

Unit 4.             Acids and Bases

Concepts of acids and bases including soft and hard acid base concepts. Relative strengths of acids and bases, significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffers solutions. Theories of indicators: (acid base, redox, adsorption). Solubility, solubility product, common ion effect and their industrial applications

Unit 5.             Main Group Elements

General trends in Main Group elements, Physical and Chemicals properties. Chemistry of Hydrogen.

Unit 6.             Group 1 and 2 Elements

The Elements, General characteristics of the group, Group anomalies. Chemistry of the Group 1 and 2 elements and compounds.

Unit 7.             Group 13-16 Elements

The Elements, General characteristics of the group, Group anomalies. Chemistry of the Group 13-16 elements and compounds.

Unit 8.             Group 17 Elements

The Elements, General characteristics of the group, Group anomalies. Chemistry of the Group 17 elements and compounds including pseudo-halogens, interhalogens and polyhalides

Unit 9.             Group 18 Elements

The Elements, General characteristics of the group, Group anomalies. Chemistry of the Group 18 elements and compounds.

Practicals:

1.         Laboratory Ethics and Safety Measures

Awareness about the toxic nature of chemicals and their handling, cleaning of glassware, safe laboratory operations

2.         Quantitative Analysis

2.1       Acid-Base Titrations

2.2       Complexometric titrations

2.3       Iodimetry and Iodometry

2.4       Oxidation – reduction reactions

2.5       Gravimetric analysis

Books Recommended:

1.         R. Rehman and H.N. Bhatti, “Experimental Inorganic Chemistry”, Caravan Book House, Lahore, Pakistan, 2015.

2.         G.L. Miessler P.J. Fisher and D.A. Tarr “Inorganic Chemistry” Pearson,  5^th Edition (2014).

3.         J.D. Wollins (Ed), Inorganic Experiments, 3^rd ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2010.

4.         J.D. Lee, “Concise Inorganic Chemistry” Chapman & Hall, 5^th  Edition, (1996).

5.         F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, and P.L. Gaus, “Basic Inorganic Chemistry” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 3^rd  Edition, (1994).

5. Pre-Calculus -4431

1. English-II (ODL)-1424
2. Fundamentals of Computer -3400
3. Diversity of Plants-4402
4. Organic Chemistry-4422

Course Code: 4422                                               Credit Hours: 04 (3+1)

Unit 1.             Basic Concepts I

Octet rule. Hybridization. Inductive Effect. Resonance; energy of resonance structures. Acidity of organic molecules based on resonance, inductive effect and hybridization. Rules of resonance. Steric inhibition of resonance.

Unit 2.             Basic Concepts II

Dipole moment. Hyperconjugation. Tautomerism. Hydrogen bonding. Localized and delocalized bonding.

Unit 3.             Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Structure, IUPAC nomenclature, properties, preparation, and reactions of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. Ring strain and conformational analysis of Cycloalkanes.

Unit 4.             Alkenes and Alkynes

Structure, IUPAC nomenclature, properties, preparation, and reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes.

Unit 5.             Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Structure and nomenclature of Aromatic compounds. Stability of benzene. Huckel´s rule. Reactions of benzene i.e elecrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions, substituent effects in electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Oxidation and addition reactions.

Unit 6.             Stereoisomerism

Isomerism. Newman Projection. Chiral molecules. Chirality and stereocentres. Enantiomers. Diastereomers. Optical activity. Symmetry in achiral structures. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R-S notational system. Fischer projections. Chirality axis. Conformational and configurational isomers. Atropisomerism. Stereochemistry of double bonds; E/Z notation.

Unit 7.             Alkyl Halides

Structure, IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkyl halides. Preparation and reactions with special reference to nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. Factors effecting nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. Grignard´s reagent, preparation, structure and applications in the synthesis of alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Unit 8.             Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Structure, IUPAC Nomenclature of alcohols, phenols and ethers. Physical properties, preparation and reactions of alcohols and phenols. Preparation, properties and reactions of ethers.

Unit 9.             Aldehydes and Ketones

Structure, IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones. Structure and reactivity of carbonyl groups, principles of nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group. Preparation, properties and reactions of aldehydes and ketones

Practicals:

Sixteen experiments will be conducted based on the following:

1. Techniques

Safety, melting and boiling point determination, filtration, distillation, solvent extraction, crystallization.

2. Qualitative Organic Analysis

Qualitative analysis of compounds with different functional groups.

3. Preparation of Organic compounds

Preparation of derivatives of organic compounds i.e benzanilide, succinic anhydride, phthalimide, oximes, hydrazones and esters.

Recommended Books:

1.         W. H. Brown, C. S. Foote, B. L. Iverson, E. V. Anslyn, Organic Chemistry, Brooks  Cole Cengage Learning,  6^th Edition, 2012.

2.         J. C. Gilbert, S. F. Martin, Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale and Microscale Approach, Brooks Cole Cengage Learning, 5^th Edition , 2010.

3.         R. T. Morrison, R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education Inc., 6^th Edition, 2005.

4.         T. W. G. Solomons,  C. B. Fryhle, Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 8^th Edition, 2004.

5.         F. A. Carrey, Organic Chemistry, The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 4^th Edition, 2000.

6.         D. L. Pavia, G. M. Lampman, G. S. Kriz and R. G. Engel, Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques - A microcale approach, Saunders College Publishing, New York, 3^rd Edition, 1999.

7.         J. M. Hornback, Organic Chemistry, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, USA, 1998.

Supplementary Books:

1.         L. G. Wade, Organic Chemistry, Pearson, 7^th Edition, 2010.

2.         J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Worthers, Organic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2001.
5. Calculus - I-4432

1. English III (ODL)-1425
2. Pakistan Studies (ODL)-417
3. Fundamentals of Microbiology-4403
4. Physical Chemistry-4423

Course Code: 4423                                               Credit Hours: 04 (3+1)

Unit 1.             Chemical Thermodynamics I

Introduction to thermodynamics. Thermodynamics functions. Zeroth, first, second and third laws of thermodynamics and their applications. Heat capacities (C_v and C_p), their difference and ratio, and dependence on temperature, pressure and volume. Types of thermodynamic processes. Carnot cycle and the concept of entropy.

Unit 2.             Chemical Thermodynamics II

Entropy and phase transition.  Entropy change in reversible and irreversible processes. Spontaneity and reversibility. Temperature dependence of entropy. Concept of entropy and probability. Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies. Relation of entropy and Gibbs free energy with equilibrium constant. Gibbs Helmholtz equation, Clausius Clapeyron equation. Van’t Hoff’s equation.

Unit 3.             Chemical Kinetics I

Rate of reaction. Rate law, order and molecularity of the reactions. Zero, first, second and third order reactions. Half lives of reactions. Experimental techniques for the rate determination

Unit 4.             Chemical Kinetics II

Methods for determination of order and rate constant of reaction (integration, differential, half life, graphical methods). Effect of temperature on the reaction rate and determination of activation energy. Theories of elementary reactions: Bimoleculer and Unimolecular (Lindemann;s mechanism) collision theories, transition state theory. Reaction mechanism.

Unit 5.             Chemical Kinetics III

Photochemical reactions. Difference between thermochemical and photochemical reactions. Kinetics of photochemical reactions. Lambert Law and Lambert Beer’s law. Determination of absorptivity coefficient. Applications.

Unit 6.             Chemical Equilibrium

General equilibrium expressions. Reaction quotients. Examples of equilibrium reactions in solid, liquid and gas phases. Extent of reactions and equilibrium constants. Gibbs energies of formation and calculations of equilibrium constants. Effect of temperature, and pressure on equilibrium constants / compositions. Van’t Hoff’s equation. Le-Chatelier;s principle.

Unit 7.             Solution Chemistry I

Binary solution, Types of solution. Concentration units; w/w %, v/v %, w/v %, v/w%, ppb, ppm and mole fraction. Preparation of solution. Methods of dilution.

Unit 8.             Solution Chemistry II

Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Raoult’s law and its applications. Henry;s law. Deviation of solutions from ideal behavior. Distillation and concept of azeotropic mixture. Examples of positive and negative azeotropes.

Unit 9.             Solution Chemistry III

Colligative properties; lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure. Molecular weight determination. Thermodynamic derivation of van’t Hoff’s equation. Phase rule and its applications.

Practicals:

1.         Determination of surface tension of the liquid by drop number method at room temperature.

2.         Determination of Parachor value of the given liquid at room temperature using stalagmometer.

3.         Determination of the percentage composition of unknown liquid mixture consisting of water and methanol using stalagmometer.

4.         Determination of the coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid at room temperature using viscometer method.

5.         Determination of the Rheochor value of the given liquid from viscosity measurements.

6.         Determination of the percentage composition of unknown liquid solution viscometrically.

7.         Determination of the refractive index and molar refractivity of the given liquids by refractometer.

8.         Determination of the percent composition of the liquid solution by refractive index measurements.

9.         Determination of the heat of neutralization of an acid with a base.

10.       Determination of the heat of solution of NaOH using calorimeter.

11.       Determination of the heat of solution of NH₄NO₃ using calorimeter.

Books Recommended:

1.         S.U.Chaudhary, Ilmi Textbook of Physical Chemistry, 2^nd ed., Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, 2013.

2.         K. M. Zia, Laboratory Manual Physical Chemistry, BS (H) & BSc., Al-Farabi Publishers, 2012.

3.         B.Linder, “Elementry Physical Chemistry”, World Scientific Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd., 2011.

4.         W.M.Davis, C.E. Dykstra, Physical Chemistry; A Modern Introduction, 2^nd ed., CRC Press, 2011.

5.         P.Atkins, J.D. Paula, Atkins Physical Chemistry, 9^th ed., Oxford University Press, 2010.

6.         P. Atkins. J. Loretta, Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight, 5^th ed., W.H.Freeman, New York, 2010.

7.         R.J.Silbey, R.A. Alberty, M.G. Bawendi, Physical Chemistry, 4^th ed., Join-Wiley & Sons, 2005.

8.         D.Shoemaker, Experiments in Physical Chemistry, 8^th ed., McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2003.

9.         D.A. McQuarrie, J.D.Simon, Physical Chemistry – A Molecular Approach, 1^st ed., University Science Books, 1997.

10.       A.M. James, F. E Prichard, Practical Physical Chemistry, 3rd ed., Longman Group Limited, New York, 1974.

11.       S.Glasstone, Textbook of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan London (1960).

5. Environmental Chemistry-4443

1. Microbial Physiology-4405
2. General Chemistry-4424

Course Code: 4424                                               Credit Hours: 04 (3+1)

Unit 1.             Chemical Stoichiometry

Concept of moles. Avogadro’s’ number. Precession and accuracy. Number of significant figures. Scientific notations. Types of errors. Standard deviation. Theoretical, actual and percent yield. Concept of limiting reactants.

Unit 2.             Physical State of Matter I (Gases)

Kinetic gas equation. Ideal and real gases. Van der Waal’s equation of state. Critical phenomenon and critical constants. Molecules in motion; translational, rotational and vibrational. Collision diameter, collision frequency and mean free path. 

Unit 3.             Physical State of Matter II (Liquid & Solids)

Physical properties of liquids: surface tension, viscosity, refractive index, optical activity, dipole moment, dielectric constant etc. and their applications. Brief account of interactions among the molecules in liquids. Brief introduction of solid state of matter; types of solids. Heat capacities of solids.

Unit 4.             Solid State Chemistry

Unit cells and types. Crystal systems. Laws of crystallography. Symmetry elements. Bragg’s equation for crystal structure analysis. Brief account on solid materials with special emphasis on polymers, composites, superconductors and semi-conductors.

Unit 5.             Chemistry of d-block Elements

Electronic configuration. General characteristics of d-block elements. Industrial applications of transition metals.

Unit 6.             Chemistry of f-block Elements

Electronic configuration. General characteristics of f-block elements. Industrial applications of inner-transition metals.

Unit 7.             Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives

Structure, IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic acids and derivatives. Physical properties, acidity of carboxylic acids, relative reactivity of Carboxylic Acid derivatives. Preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives i.e esters, amides, acid halides and anhydrides

Unit 8.             Amines

                        Structure, IUPAC Nomenclature and bonding in amines. Physical and chemical properties of amines; effect of structure on the basicity and nucleophilicity of amines. Synthesis and reactions of amines. Diazonium salts; preparation and their synthetic applications.

Unit 9.             Introduction to Biochemistry

Brief introduction to the scope and history of Biochemistry, Molecular logic of the living organisms, Cell structure and their functions, Origin and nature of biomolecules. Definition, Classification, Physical and chemical properties of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids and nucleic acids.       

Practicals:

Qualitative analysis of salt / mixture of inorganic compounds

Books Recommended:

1.         R.P. Huebener, Conductors, Semiconductors, Superconductors: An Introduction to Solid State Physics. 2^nd ed. Springer. 2013.

2.         A. Ravve,  Principles of Polymer Chemistry, 3^rd ed., Springer, 2012.

3.         P. Atkins and J.D. Paula, Atkins Physical Chemistry, 9^th ed., Oxford University Press, 2010.

4.         P. Atkins, L. Jones, Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight, 5^th ed., W.H.Freeman, New York, 2010.

5.         J. Jeans, An introduction to Kinetic Theory of Gasses. Academics. 2009.

6.         R.J. Silbey, R.A. Alberty, and M.G. Bawendi, Physical Chemistry, 4^th ed., John-Wiley & Sons, 2005.

7.         C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 2^nd Edition, Prentice Hall, New York, 2005.

8.         R.K. Murray, D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell, Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry,  McGraw Hill, 2003.

9.         J. Keith, J. Laidler, J. H. Meiser, B. C. Sanctuary, Physical Chemistry, Houghton Miffin Company, 2002.

10.       A.L. Lehninger, D.L. Nelson and M.M. Cox, Principles of Biochemistry, McMillan Worth Publishers, 2000.

11.       P. Malcolm, P. Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: an Introduction, University of Hartford, Oxford University Press, 3^rd Edition, 1999.

12.       D. Hull, T.W. Clyne, An Introduction to Composite Materials 2^nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1996.

13.       J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5^th Edition, Chapman and Hall, 1996.

3. Environmental Pollution-4442
4. Public Relations-451

1. Analytical Chemistry-I -2573

Course Code: 2573                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Introduction and Basic Statistical Tools in  Analytical Chemistry

What is analytical chemistry. The methods of quantitative analysis. Statistics in analytical chemistry. Errors in chemical analysis. Sampling and data handling;  Mean, Standard deviation and RSD, Probability, The confidence limit, Rejection of data.

Unit 2.             Chemical Stoichiometry

Chemical stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations. Calculating molar masses. Ionic equilibria. Common ion effect. Activity and activity co-efficient.

Unit 3.             Gravimetric Methods of Analysis

Types of gravimetric methods. Fundamental operations pertaining to forming and treating the precipitate. Processes of crystal growth. Precipitation equilibria. Gravimetric calculation and selected examples.

Unit 4.             Acids, Bases and Buffer, Acid-Base Titrations

Acid-Base theories and Acid-base equilibria in water. Salts of weak acids and bases. Buffer solution, Buffer capacity and its application.

Acid Base titrations. Types of acid base titrations. Detection of end point and selection of indicators. Construction of titration curves. Calculations

Unit 5.             Complexometric Titrations

Complexation reactions and titrations. End point indicators. Metal EDTA complexes with particular reference to Ca, Mg and Zn complexes. Metal-chelate titration curves and the effect of solution conditions in titration curves.

Unit 6.             Redox Titrations

What are Redox-reactions and electrochemical cells. Standard potentials and half reactions. The Nernst equation. Oxidation-reduction indicators. Visual detection of the end point. Titrations using Permanganate, Dichromate and Cerium(IV) as oxidizing titrant. Iodimetric and Iodometric titrations with selected applications. Potentiometric titration.

Unit 7.             Non-Aqueous Titrations & Karl-Fischer Titrations

Classification of solvents. Typical non-aqueous solvents and titrations. Karl-Fischer Reaction and titrations; based on coulometric and/or volumetric titrations. Karl-Fischer titrator; Merits and demerits of the analysis. Applications.

Unit 8.             Environmental sampling and Analysis

Collecting an air sample, Air sample analysis, water sample collection, watersample analysis, Soil and sediment sampling and analysis, Sample collection and analysis for trace organics and contaminated land sites. .

Unit 9.             Quality Control

Definitions, seven tools for quality control, the concept of quality assurance, quality assurance techniques, calibrations, monitoring and quality reviews, periodical trainings, ISO standards.

Practicals:

1.         To calibrate volume measuring glassware (pipette, burette and flask).

2.         Calibration of electronic analytical balance, conductivity meter and potentiometer.

3.         Gravimetric  determination of sulphate in the given sample.

4.         To determine the amount of nickel in a nichrome sample gravimetrically.

5.         To determine the concentration of a strong acid solution by conductometric titration.

6.         To determine the individual concentration of the acid in the given binary mixture of a strong / weak acid conductometriclly.

7.         To estimate Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentration in drinking water by EDTA complexometric titration method.

8.         To determine pKa for the given set of weak acids by potentiometric method.

9.         To show the independence of solubility on account of undissolved species.

10.       To determine the amount of copper in the given sample iodometrically.

11.       To determine the percentage of iron in iron pyrite ore with potassium dichromate.

12.       To determine the halide ion in the given sample titrimetrically using non-aquous solvent.

13.       To determine trace amount of water in a given sample by Karl-Fischer titration.

Books Recommended:

1.         D.C. Harris, “Quantitative Chemical Analysis”, Freeman & Co. New York, 7^th Edition, (2006).

2.         G.D. Christian, “Analytical Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2004.

3.         D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler and S.R. Crouch, “Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry” 8^th Edition, Thomson-Brooks/Cole, U.K., (2004).

4.         P.J. Higson, “Analytical Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, inc., New York, 1^st Edition, (2004).

5.         R.A. Meyers, Ed., “Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory and Instrumentation” John Wiley & Sons, New York (2000).

6.         E. Scholz, “Karl-Fischer Titration”, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, (1984).

2. Physical Chemistry-I-2575

Course Code: 2575                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Chemical Kinetics I

Introduction. The rates of chemical reactions. Rate laws, rate constants and reaction order. Experimental techniques to monitor the reaction rate. Integrated rate law and derivations of rate expression for zero, first, second, third and pseudo order reactions.

Unit 2.             Chemical Kinetics 1I

Temperature dependence of reaction rate; Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Elementary reactions and reaction mechanism. Consecutive elementary reactions. Theories of reaction rate Steady state approximation and Lindemann-Hinshelwood mechanism.

Unit 3.             Introduction to Electrochemistry

Fundamentals, uses, advantages, scope and applications of electrochemistry. Electrochemical system. Redox reaction. Spontaneous reactions. Liquid junction potential. Measurement of pH and pKa.

Unit 4.             Equilibrium Electrochemistry

Nernst’s equation. Thermodynamic of redox reactions. Half cell reaction and electrode. Electrochemical cells. The electromotive force (EMF). Standard electrode potential and its applications.

Unit 5.             Conductometry

Ions in solution. Measurement of conductance and Kohlrausch;s law. Mobility of ions and transport number. Conductometric titrations. Debye-Huckel theory and activity coefficient, Determination of activities, application of conductance measurement..

Unit 6.             Potentiometry

Basic principle. Working of Potentiometer, Types of electodes used; reference, indicator and counter electrodes. The pH meter. Working of glass membrane electrode and other types of electrode. Potentiometric titration.

Unit 7.             Coulometry and Voltammetry

Basic principle. Faraday;s law of electrolysis.Types of coulometry; controlled potential coulometry, controlled current coulometry. Voltammetry its types and applications.

Unit 8.             Surface Chemistry

Adsorption. Types of adsorption; Physical and chemical. .Adsorption isotherm and types; Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms.

Unit 9.             Nuclear Chemistry

Atomic nucleus. Nuclides. Nuclear stability. Modes of nuclear decay. Nuclear energetic. Fusion and fission. Non-spontaneous nuclear process. Nuclear reactors. Beta decay.

Books Recommended:

1.         R. Bajaj, Basic Concepts of Electrochemistry. Cyber Tech Publications, 2012.

2.         M.R. Wright, Fundamental Chemical kinetics; An Explanatory Introduction to the Concepts. Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011.

3.         E. Gileadi, Physical Electrochemistry; Fundamentals, Techniques and Application.  Wiley-VCH, 2011.

4.         P. Atkins, J.D. Paula, Atkins Physical Chemistry, 9^th ed., Oxford University Press, 2010.

5.         G.A. Somorjai,  Y. .Li, Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, 2^nd ed., John –Wiley &Sons, Inc., 2010.

6.         P. Atkins, L. Jones,L. Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight, 5^th ed., W.H.Freeman, New York, 2010.

7.         R.G. Compton, Understanding voltammetry. World Scientific, 2007.

8.         W. Loveland, D.J. Morrisey, G.T. Seaborg, Modern Nuclear Chemistry, John –Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006.

9.         R.J. Silbey, R.A Alberty. M.G. Bawendi, Physical Chemistry, 4^th ed., Join-Wiley & Sons, 2005.

10.       M.R. Wright, An Introduction to Chemical Kinetics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.

11.       D.W. Ball, Physical Chemistry, Brooke/Cole Co. Inc., 2003.

12.       A. Vertes, S. Nagy, Z. Klencsar,  Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry, Vol 1; Basics of Nuclear Science, 1^st ed., Springer, 2003.

13.       G. Choppon, D.O.Lilijenzin, J. Rydberg, Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, 3^rd ed., Butterworth- Heeinemann (2002).

14.       K.J. Laidler, J.H. Meiser,  Physical Chemistry, Houghton Miffin Company, 2002.

15.       S.R. Logan, Fundamentals of Chemical Kinetics, Longman Group Limited, 1996.

16.       K.J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, 3^rd ed., Prentice Hall, 1987.

3. Organic Chemistry-I-2576

Course Code: 2576                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Classification of organic compounds. IUPAC nomenclature of simple, multifunctional, alicylic, bicyclic and benzonoid compounds.  

Unit 2.             Chemical Bonding I

Nature of atoms, atomic orbitals, and electronic configuration. Concept of Lewis formula and formal charge. Valance bond theory and orbital hybridization theory. Introduction to Molecular orbital theory. Ionic and covalent bonds.

Unit 3.             Chemical Bonding II

Concept of resonance, aromaticity, hyperconjugation, tautomerism, dipole moment and hydrogen bonding.

Unit 4.             Molecular Structure and Chemical  Reactivity    

Resonance, field effect, steric and medium effect. Linear free energy relationship like; The Hammett Equation and The Taft’s Equation, their applications and limitations.

Unit 5.             Acids and Bases

Concept of organic acids and bases. Scale of acidity and basicity. _Pka and pH .The effect of structure on pKa. The effect of pH on the structure of organic molecules. Predicting acid / base reaction from pka values. Factors affecting the strength of acids and bases. Lewis acids and bases.

Unit 6.             Stereochemistry

Carbon–Carbon single bond free rotation, different types of strains in conformations. Restricted rotation in alkenes and cyclic systems. Configurations: Geometric isomerism, E/Z convention, optical activity and chirality, enantiomers diastereoisomers, R/S conventions, conformational analysis, Fischer projections, steric, and stereo electronic effects.

Unit 7.             Ultra-Violet and Visible Spectroscopy

Principles of Absorption spectroscopy. Theory of UV-visible spectroscopy, Selection Rules. Woodward-Fieser rules for conjugated dienes, enones and α,β unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Recording of UV spectra and their interpretation.

Unit 8.             Infra-red Spectroscopy

Theoy of Infra-red spectroscopy. Position, intensity and shape of Infrared absorption bands of organic functional groups. Recording and interpretation of IR spectra of organic molecules.

Unit 9.             Reactive Intermediates in Organic Synthesis

Knowledge about the structure, stability, generation, and reactivity of carbocations , carbanions, carbenes, nitrenes, benzynes, and free radicals with suitable examples.

Books Recommended:

1.       D.L.Pavia G.M. Lampman G.S. Kriz, J.R. Vyvyan, Introduction to Spectroscopy, 5^th Edition. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, USA, 2015.

2.         A. Henri and H. Powell, IUPAC Blue Book Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry-IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, .2013.

3.         T.W.G. Solomons and C.B. Fryhle, Organic Chemistry, 10^th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.

4.         J.M. Hornback, Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Thompsons Brooks / Cole Publishing Company, USA, 2006.

4. Inorganic Chemistry-I-2577

Course Code: 2577                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Principles of Chemical Bonding-I

Valence bond theory. The two-center electron-pair bond. Resonance. The states derived from electronic configurations.

Unit 2.             Principles of Chemical Bonding-II

Promotion energies to valence state. Hybridization. The overlap criterion of bond strength.

Unit 3.             Principles of Chemical Bonding-III

VSEPR model to explain the structures of AB₂, AB₃, AB₂E, AB₄, AB₅, AB₄E₂, AB₃E₂, AB₂E₃, AB₆, AB₅E, AB₄E₂, AB₇, AB₆E, and AB₈ type molecules. Drawbacks of VSEPR theory.

Unit 4.             Principles of Chemical Bonding-IV

                        Introduction. Molecular orbital theory. Application of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Linear combination of atomic orbitals LCAO. Three-center bonding. 

Unit 5.             Metals and Intermetallic Compounds

                        Theories of bonding in metals. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. Interstitial and substitutional solid solutions.

Unit 6.             Inorganic Chemistry in Non-aqueous Media-I

Introduction. Classification of solvents. Types of reactions. Effect of physical and chemical properties of solvents on chemical reactions.

Unit 7.             Inorganic Chemistry in Non-aqueous Media-II

Comparison of water-ammonia system. Study of reactions in liquid ammonia.

Unit 8.             Inorganic Chemistry in Non-aqueous Media-III

Study of reactions in hydrogen fluoride, sulfuric acid, bromine trifluoride, and liquid sulfur dioxide.

Unit 9.             Inorganic Chemistry in Non-aqueous Media-IV

The structure of fused salts and oxides. Solution of elements in fused salts. Various chemical reactions in fused salts.

Books Recommended:

1.         C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 2^nd Edition, Prentice Hall, New York, 2005.

2.         J. R. Chipperfield,  Non-aqueous Solvents,  Oxford University Press, 1999.

3.         J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5^th Edition, Chapman and Hall, 1996.

4.         F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Willey, New York, 1994.

5.         J.E. Huheey, E.A. Kaiter and R.L. Kaiter, Inorganic Chemistry,  4^th Edition, Harper Collins College Publishers, New York, 1993.

5. Mathematics for Chemists -2594

Course Code: 2594                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Functions Limits and Continuity

Concept of function; Domain and range of functions; Composition of functions; Different types of functions; Graphs of functions. Limits and Continuity; Rules of finding limits and their applications.

Unit 2.             Differential Calculus-I

Average rate of change, Instantaneous rate of change, Concept of derivative; Rules of differentiation; Differentiation of algebraic, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, Higher order derivatives.

Unit 3.             Differential Calculus-II

Chain Rule, Maxima and Minima, Points of Inflection,   Partial differentiation of functions of two or more variables.

Unit 4.             Integral Calculus-I

Antiderivatives, Examples, Indefinite and definite integrals; Rules of Integration; Integration of algebraic and trigonometric functions.

Unit 5.             Integral Calculus-II

Techniques of integration, Substitution and by parts integration, Area under the curve and between the curves, Applications.

Unit 6.             Differential Equations

First order differential equations; Separation of variables; Solution of linear first order differential equations; Basic concept of second order differential equations, Differential equations in Chemistry.

Unit 7.             Series

Definitions, Types of Sequences and Series, Convergence of Series, Power Series.

Unit 8.             Matrices

Definitions, Types of Matrices, Basic operations on matrices, Determinants and Properties of Determinants, Inverses, Solving linear equations, Cramer’s Rule.

Unit 9.             Vectors

Scalar and vector quantities, Basic operations on vectors, examples,  Resolution of a vector into components, Direction cosines,  Multiplication of  vectors.

Recommended Books:

1.         M. C. Cockett, and G. Doggett Maths for Chemists, Vol. I & II, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 2^nd Edition 2012.

2.         P. Tebbutt, Basic Mathematics for Chemists, Wiley & Sons, 2001.

3.         L.Gornally, Essential Mathematics for Chemists, Prentice & Hall, 2000.

6. Chemistry Lab-I-2595

Course Code: 2595                                                         Credit Hours: 04

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Unit 1.             Introduction to Basic Laboratory Techniques

i.          Determination of solubility of organic compounds

ii.         Purification of organic compounds by recrystallization.

iii.        Purification of an organic compound by sublimation.

Unit 2.             Extraction

i.          Separation of a multicomponent mixture into the individual components by acid base extraction.

ii.         Extraction of natural products: Any two of the following

Caffeine, Nicotine, Piperine, Carotenoids, Curcumin, Citral

Unit 3.             Distillation

Purification of organic compounds by distillation

i.          Simple distillation

ii.         Fractional distillation

iii.        Vacuum distillation

iv.        Steam distillation

Unit 4.             Chromatography

i.          Analysis of analgesic drugs by TLC.

ii.        Purification of binary mixtures by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography.

Unit 5.             Organic Synthesis/Preparations

Preparation of derivatives of organic compounds

i.          2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazone derivative of aldehydes / Ketones

ii.         4-Toluenesulphonate derivative of phenol

iii.        Esterification of carboxylic acids

iv.        Benzoylation of amines

Note:   Special emphasis on risk and safety protocols of chemicals involved and waste management practices.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Unit 6.             Inorganic Chemistry I

i.          Volumetric Analysis: Introduction and theory

ii.         Acid-Base titrations

iii.        Redox titrations

Unit 7.             Inorganic Chemistry II

i.          Iodometry and Iodimetry titrations

ii.         Complexometry titrations

Unit 8.             Inorganic Chemistry III

i.          Gravimetric Analysis: Introduction and theory

ii.         Single constituent gravimetric estimation

iii.        Two constituent gravimetric estimation

iv.        Three constituent gravimetric estimation

Unit 9.             Small scale Inorganic Preparations

i.          Tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate

ii.         Potassium trioxalatochromate(III)

iii.        Potassium trioxalatoaluminate(III)

iv.        cis-Potassium diaquadioxalatochromate(III)

Recommended Books:

1.         R. Rehman and H.N. Bhatti, Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Caravan Book House, Lahore, Pakistan, 2015.

2.         D.L.Pavia, G.M. Lampman, G.S.Kriz and R.G. Engel, Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques- A microscale approach” 5^thEdition, Saunders college publishing, New York, 2013.

3.         J.D. Wollins (Ed), Inorganic Experiments, 3^rd ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2010.

4.         A. Singh, Advanced Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Campus Books, India, 2002.

5.         F.G.Mann and B.C.Saunders, “Practical Organic Chemistry-New impression” 4^th Edition, Long Scientific and Technical, Longman Group U.k. Ltd., reprinted in 1994.

6.         A.I. Vogel, “Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry: 4^th Edition, 1992.

7.         Z. Szafran, R.M. Pike and M.M. Singh, Microscale Inorganic Chemistry: A Comprehensive Laboratory Experience, John Wiley & Sons, Canada, 1991.

1. Analytical Chemistry-II-2574

Course Code: 2574                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Introduction to Analytical Separation

Masking and demasking agents. Precipitation and requirements for precipitation process. Mechanism of precipitation. Steps involved in crystallization. Filtration and types of filter media used. 

Unit 2.             Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction; its types,  applications, distribution co-efficient, distribution ratio, percent extracted, solvent extraction of species (ions, complexes, chelates). Selectivity of extraction. Effect of pH and reagent concentration on solvent extraction of various species. Accelerated solvent extraction.

Unit 3.             Chromatography -I

Basic introduction and classification of chromatographic techniques. Theory of chromatographic separations. Thin layer chromatography (TLC). Developing the chromatogram, stationary and mobile phases for TLC. Zone detection and analysis in TLC. Ion exchange chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Principles, instrumentation and applications. 

Unit 4.             Chromatography- II

Gas chromatography; principles, instrumentation and applications. Principles of Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Instrumentation, and applications.

Unit 5.             Introduction to UV-Visible Spectroscopy

Interaction of light with matter. Regions of electromagnetic spectum. Absorption and Beer-Lambert’s law.  Calibration graph and calculation for concentration of unknown. UV-Visible Spectroscopy; Basic principles and model compound studies. 

Unit 6.             Introduction to IR Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy; principles, modes of vibration in IR. Group frequencies and interpretation of IR spectra.

Unit 7.             Thermal Analysis-I

General description of thermal analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis. Principles, instrumentation and applications. Differential Thermal Analysis, General principles, instrumentation and applications.

Unit 8.             Thermal Analysis-II

What is Differential Scanning Calorimetry; differentiate between DSC and DTA techniques of thermal analysis.  Instrumentation and applications.

Unit 8.             Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Principle of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, concentration dependence of absorption, quantitative methodology, instrumentation for atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Practicals:

1.         Determination of lead by the dithizone method.

2.         Determination of Iron by chloride extraction method.

3.         Packing of chromatographic column and separation of a mixture of dyes.

4.         Coating of TLC plates and separation of a mixtures of dyes/compounds.

5.         Separation of a mixture of amino acids by TLC.

6.         To determine the composition of aspirine using various chromatographic techniques.

7.         Plotting of calibration graph and use of standard addition method in Spectrophotometry.

8.         Determination of chloride and nitrate in drinking water samples by UV/Vis. Spectrophotometry.

9.         Determination of nickel in vanaspati ghee by spectrophotometry. 

10.       To study the thermal decomposition of calcium oxalate monohydrate using thermogravimetric techniques.

11.       To study the thermal decomposition of copper sulphate pentahydrate thermogravimetrically.        

12.       Determine the %age of hemi-hydrate present in the cement using DSC thermal analysis technique.

Books Recommended:

1.         D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler and S.R. Crouch, “Principles of Instrumental Analysis”, Thomson-Brooks/Cole, New York, 6^th Edition, (2007).

2.         D.C. Harris, “Quantitative Chemical Analysis”, Freeman & Co. New York, 7^th Edition, (2006).

3.         G.D. Christian, “Analytical Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (2004).

4.         P.J. Higson, “Analytical Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, inc., New York, 1^st Edition, (2004).

5.         M.E. Brown, “Introduction to Thermal Analysis: Techniques and Applications”, Springer, 2^nd Edition, (2001).

6.         D.D. Perrin, “Masking and Demasking Chemical Reactions”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1970).

7.         Bernhard Welz, Michael Sperling, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 3rd ed.

Wiley-VCH , Germany , (1998).

2. Physical Chemistry-II-2580

Course Code: 2580                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Kinetic Theory of Gasses

Probibility density for molecular speeds of gas molecules, Maxwell distribution of molecular speed. Average speeds. Pressure of an ideal gas. Calculation of molecular speeds. Maxwell-Boltzmann’s law of energy distribution.

Unit 2.             Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Nature of thermodynamics. Limitation and scope. Basic concepts; System, Equilibrium and steady state. Extensive and intensive properties; State function; P-V work; Heat capacities at constant volume and pressure and their relationship. Kirchhoff’s equation.

Unit 3              Laws of Thermodynamics

First, second and third laws of thermodynamics.  State functions and exact differentials. Pressure, volume and temperature relations in adiabatic and isothermal expansions.  Thermodynamic processes and thermodynamic relations. Entropy as a state function. Spontaneity and equilibrium.

Unit 4.             Free Energy Changes and Chemical Potential

Helmholtz free and Gibbs free energy. Variation of work function. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation and applications; Partial molar quantities. Chemical potential and its variation with pressure and temperature. Gibb’s Duhem equation Vant Hoff isotherm and isochore, Clapeyron and Clausius- Clapeyron equation. Statistical treatment of entropy.

Unit 5.             Quantum Chemistry I

Introduction to quantum mechanics and limitations of classical mechanics. Black body radiation. Photoelectric effect. Compton effect. Line spectra of elements. Bohr atomic model.

Unit 6.             Quantum Chemistry II

Wave and particle nature of matter. de Broglie’s equation. Young’s double slit experiment, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Operators.

Unit 7.             Quantum Chemistry III

Basic postulates of quantum mechanics. Wave functions and Born interpretation of wave functions, Probability density.

Unit 8.             Quantum Chemistry IV

Eigen functions and Eigen values. Hamiltonian operator. Derivation of Schrodinger wave equation. Physical significance of Ψ and Ψ².  Particle in one and three dimensional box.

Unit 9.             Quantum Chemistry V

Normalization of wave function. Application of Schrodinger wave equation for hydrogen atom. Radial distribution functions.

Books Recommended:

1.         I. N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry, 7^th edition, Prentice Hall Inc PTR, 2013.

2.         P. Atkins, J.D. Paula, Atkins Physical Chemistry, 9^th ed., Oxford University Press, 2010.

3.         P. Atkins, L. Jones, Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight, 5^th ed., W.H.Freeman, New York, 2010.

4.         J. Jeans, An introduction to Kinetic Theory of Gasses. Academics, 2009.

5.         D. A. McQuarrie,  Quantum Chemistry, 2^nd edition, University of Science Book, 2007.

6.         R.J. Silbey, R.A. Alberty, M.G. Bawendi,  Physical Chemistry, 4^th ed., Join-Wiley & Sons, 2005.

7.         D.O. Hayward, Quantum Mechanics for Chemists, Royal Society of Chemistry. UK, 2002.

8.         K.J. Laidler, J. H. Meiser, B.C. Sanctuary, Physical Chemistry, Houghton Miffin Company, 2002.

9.         J.B. Ott, J. Boerio-Goates, Chemical Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications. Elsevier Ltd, 2000.

10.       D. A. McQuarrie, J.D. Simon, Physical Chemistry – A Molecular Approach, 1^st ed., University Science Books, 1997.

11.       R.L. Liboff Introductory Quantum Mechanics, Addison-Wesely Publishing Company, 1992.

12.       W.J. Moore, Physical Chemistry, 4^th ed., Longman Publisher,  1972.

13.       M. Planks, Treatise on Thermodynamics, 3^rd rd., Dover Publications, INC, 1910.

3. Organic Chemistry-II-2581

Course Code: 2581                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Introduction to Reaction Mechanism

Introduction to reaction mechanism. Types of mechanism. Types of reaction. Thermodynamic requirements for reaction.  Kinetic requirements for reaction. Kinetic and thermodynamic control. Hammond postulate. Microscopic reversibility.

Unit 2.             Methods of Determination of Reaction Mechanism 

                       Identification of products and reaction intermediates. Study of catalysts. Isotopic labeling. Stereochemical evidence. Spectroscopic evidence. Kinetic evidence. Isotope effect.

Unit 3.             Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions   

Study of the mechanism of S_N1 and S_N2, S_Ni and Neighboring group participation reactions. Studies on structure, reactivity and stereochemical aspects. The effect of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group and reaction medium on the mechanism and rates of nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Unit 4.             Elimination Reactions

Study of the mechanism of E1, E2 and E1cB eliminations. Saytzeff and Hoffman’s rules. Studies on structure and reactivity; Regio-chemistry and stereochemistry of these elimination reactions.

Unit 5.             Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Introduction to S_NAr, S_N1 and benzyne mechanisms. Effect of substrate structure, leaving group, and attacking nucleophiles on reactivity. Reactions involving Oxygen, Sulphur, Nitrogen, Halogen and Carbon as nucleophiles. 

Unit 6.             Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution Reactions

Arenium ion mechanism and The S_E1 mechanism. Factors effecting reactivity in Aromatic substitution reactions. Reactions involving Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Halogen, and Carbon as electrophiles.

Unit 7.             Addition Reactions

Addition to Carbon –carbon multiple bonds: Mechanisms of electrophilic addition, free radical addition, and cyclo additions.  Markovnikov’s rule and stereochemical orientation. Reactions involving addition of symmetrical / unsymmetrical reagent to symmetrical / unsymmetrical alkene /Alkynes.

Unit 8.            The Carbonyl Chemistry

Aldol Condensation reaction, Canizzaro reaction, Claisen-Schmidt reaction, Wittig reaction, Malonic ester synthesis of carboxylic acids, Acetoacetic ester synthesis of ketones, Organoborane synthesis of acids and ketones.

Unit 9.             Named Organic Reactions

Perkin reaction. Michael reaction. Darzens Glycidic Ester reaction. Stobbe reaction. Mannich reaction. Wittig reaction. Ene reaction and Reformatsky reaction. Diels-Alder reaction.

Books Recommended:

1.         M.B.Smith and J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry - Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, 4^th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2013.

2.         T.W.G. Solomons and C.B. Fryhle, Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.

4. Inorganic Chemistry-II-2582

Course Code: 2582                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Chemistry of Transition Metals

Periodic trends, oxidation states, shapes of orbitals, metal-metal bonding, crystal field theory, magnetic properties, 3d, 4d and 5d transition series.

Unit 2.             Chemistry of Inner Transition Metals (Lanthanides)

Electronic structure and position in the periodic table. Lanthanide’s contraction. Oxidation states. Spectral and magnetic properties. Occurrence and preparations of metal complexes. Uses of Lanthanides. 

Unit 3.             Chemistry of Inner Transition Metals (Actinides)

Electronic structure and position in the periodic table. Oxidation states. Occurrence and preparations with reference to Uranium complexes. Uses of Actinides.       

Unit 4.             Magneto-chemistry –I

Theory of magnetism, diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferro, ferri and antiferromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility, magnetic moments.

Unit 5.             Magneto-chemistry –II

Faraday’s & Gouy’s methods, effect of temperature on   magnetic properties of complexes. Magnetic moment of lanthanides.

Unit 6.             Radio and Nuclear Chemistry – I

Fundamentals and applied aspects of radioactivity and nuclear chemistry. Types and characteristics of nuclear radiation, structure of nucleus, half-life.

Unit 7.             Radio and Nuclear Chemistry – II

Nuclear binding energy, and artificial radioactivity.  Fission and fusion reactions. Acceleration of charged particles and applications of radioisotopes

Unit 8.             Inorganic Polymers –I

Introduction to homoatomic and heteroatomic inorganic polymers, chains and cages of boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur: synthesis and applications.                                      

Unit 9.             Inorganic Polymers –I

Polyionic species, Isopoly and heteropoly, anions of transition metals, silicates, borates, condensed phosphates, zeolites.

Books Recommended:

1.         G. Miessler and D.A. Torr, Inorganic Chemistry, 5^th ed., Pearson-Printice Hall, USA, 2013.

2.         T. Moeller, The Chemistry of the Lanthanides,  Pergamon Texts in Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier Science, 2013.

3.         C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry,  2^nd Edition, Prentice Hall, New York, 2005.

4.         F.A. Cotton, et al., Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6^th ed., John Wiley, New York 1999.

5.         F.A. Cotton, G.Wilkinson, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Willey, New York, 1994.

6.         J.E. Huheey, Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4^th ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1993.

7.         J.E. Huheey, E.A. Kaiter and R.L. Kaiter, Inorganic Chemistry, 4^th Edition, Harper Collins College Publishers, New York, 1993.

5. Chemistry Lab-II-2596

Course Code: 2596                                                         Credit Hours: 04

Physical Chemistry

Unit 1.

1. Calibration of measuring glassware and determination of % error and standard deviations.
2. Preparation of acetate and phosphate buffers at 4.7±0.01 and 7.4±0.01 pH.
3. Determination of radius of a molecule by viscosity measurement.

Unit 2.

1. Determination of molar refractivity of a liquid.
2. Determination of heat of neutralization of strong acid and base.
3. Distribution of benzoic acid between water and benzene.

Unit 3.

1. Determination of heat of solution of oxalic acid by solubility method.
2. Verification of Beer-Lambert Law.

Unit 4.

1. Kinetics of hydrolysis of sucrose studied polarimetrically.
2. Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid by conductivity meter.

Unit 5.

i.          Conductometric titration of strong acid and strong base.

ii.         Potentiometric titration of strong acid and strong base

Recommended Books:

1.         K. M. Zia, Laboratory Manual Physical Chemistry, BS (H) & BSc., Al-Farabi Publishers, 2012.

2.         V.K. Ahluwalia, S.D.A. Gulati, College Practical Chemistry, Universities press (India) private Limited, 2005.

3.         B. Viswanathan, P.S. Raghavan, Practical Physical Chemistry. Viva Book private limited, 2005.

4.         D.Shoemaker, Experiments in Physical Chemistry, 8^th ed., McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2003.

5.         A. M. James, F. E. Prichard, Practical Physical Chemistry, 3rd ed., Longman Group Limited, New York, 1974.

Analytical Chemistry

Unit 6.             Analytical Chemistry I

i.          Paper Chromatography: Introduction and theory.

ii.         Separation of given mixture of cations using paper chromatography.

iii.        Separation of organic constituents using paper chromatography.

Unit 7.             Analytical Chemistry II

            i.          UV-visible Spectroscopy: Introduction and theory

ii.         Determination of Inorganic and Organic constituents by UV-Visible Spectroscopy.

Unit 8.             Analytical Chemistry III

i.          Infrared Spectroscopy: Introduction and theory

ii.         Study of Characteristics Infrared absorption frequencies of Inorganic and Organic compounds.

Unit 9.             Analytical Chemistry IV

Water analysis: hardness of water, alkalinity of water, total solid in water, cations and anions analysis of water.

Recommended Books:

1.         D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler and S.R. Crouch, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Thomson-Brooks/Cole, New York, 6^th Edition, 2007.

2.         D.C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Freeman & Co. New York, 7^th Edition, 2006.

3.         G.D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2004.

4.         P.J. Higson, Analytical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, inc., New York, 1^st Edition, 2004.

5.         R.A. Meyers, Ed., Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory and Instrumentation John Wiley & Sons, New York 2000.

SPECIALIZATION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-0

1. Advance Organic Chemistry Lab-III-2537

 

Course Code: 2537                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Coenzyme catalyzed synthesis of benzoin.

Unit 2.             Oxidation of benzoin to benzil.

Unit 3.             Synthesis of Anti-convulsant drug(diphenyhydantoin) from benzil.

Unit 4.             Preparation of N-phthaloyl glycine.

Unit 5.             Esterification of N-phthaloyl glycine.

Unit 6.             Synthesis of aryl hydrazide.

Unit 7.             Synthesis of aryl isothiocyanate.

Unit 8.             Synthesis of thiosemicarbazide.

Unit 9.             Synthesis of five membered heterocyclic compounds from thiosemicarbazide.

Recommended Books:

1.         R. H. Hill, D. C. Finster, Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students, John Wiley and Sons, 2016.

2.         D.L. Pavia, G.M. Lampman, G.S.Kriz, and R.G. Engel, Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques – A microscale approach, 5^th Edition, Saunders College Publishing, New York, 2013.

3.         J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes, M.J.K. Thomas, Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6^th Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2004.

4.         R.A. Day, Jr, A.L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, 6^th Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2004.

5.         G. Procter, Stereoselectivity in Organic Synthesis, Oxford Chemistry Primers, 1998.

6.         Nasir-ud-Din, Introduction to Laboratory Manners, Safety, Precautions, and First Aid 1996.

1. Advance Organic Chemistry Lab-IV-2538

 

Course Code: 2538                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Literature search on the topic assigned by teacher (at least last five years search)

                        (Note: each student will be assigned a different topic).

Unit 2.             Review writing on the topic on which literature search was done.

Unit 3.             Power point Presentation on the topic on which literature search was done.

Unit 4.             Metal Catalyzed Cross Coupling reaction – Heck coupling.

Unit 5.             Metal Catalyzed Cross Coupling reaction – Suzuki coupling.  

Unit 6.             Development of Pro-Drug of Ibuprofen

Unit 7.             Development of Pro-Drug of Naproxin

Unit 8.             Asymmetric Synthesis using organo catalyst

Unit 9.             Asymmetric Synthesis using chiral auxiliaries

Recommended Books:

1.         R. H. Hill, D. C. Finster, Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students, John Wiley and Sons, 2016.

2.         D.L. Pavia, G.M. Lampman, G.S.Kriz, and R.G. Engel, Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques – A microscale approach, 5^th Edition, Saunders College Publishing, New York, 2013.

3.         J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes, M.J.K. Thomas, Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6^th Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2004.

4.         R.A. Day, Jr, A.L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, 6^th Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2004.

1. Heterocyclic Chemistry-2585

2. Course Code: 2585                                                         Credit Hours: 03

   Unit 1.             Nomenclature of Heterocyclic Compounds, Synthesis and Significance

   Introduction to heterocyclic compounds. Their Hantzsch-Widman, replacement and systematic nomenclature. General strategies for heterocyclic synthesis. Significance of heterocyclic compounds.

   Unit 2.             General Principles

   Bonding and ring strain in cyclic compounds and their heterocyclic counterparts. Basicity and acidity of heterocyclic compounds. Aromaticity, non aromaticity, antiaromaticity, anomeric effect, heteroatom replacement, tautomerism in heterocyclic compounds. Geometric and stereochemical aspects of heterocycles.

   Unit 3.             Three Membered Heterocyclic Compounds

   Synthesis, reactions, physical properties i.e ring strain, nucleophilic ring opening, behavior as bases and spectroscopic properties of three membered heterocyclic compounds namely Aziridine, Oxirane and Thiirane. Significance of three membered heterocyclic compounds. Structure, preparation and applications of epoxy resins.

   Unit 4.             Four Membered Heterocyclic Compounds

   Reactions, physical and spectroscopic properties of Oxetane, Azetidine, Thietane and their preparation including Halohydrin method and Paterno Buchi reaction. Significance as natural products, drugs, biologically active compounds, industrial intermediates, use as reagents, building blocks or auxiliaries in organic synthesis. Structure and significance of Taxol.

   Unit 5.             Five Membered Heterocyclic Compounds Containing One Heteroatom

   Chemical structure, degree of aromaticity, physical and spectroscopic properties of Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, Indole and Benzofuran. General strategies for the synthesis of five membered rings. Chemical reactions and orientation of substituents on ring. Structure and significance of five membered heterocyclic compounds.

   Unit 6.             Five Membered Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Two Heteroatoms

   Synthesis, reactions, physical and spectroscopic properties of Oxazole, Thiazole, Imidazole, Triazole and Benzimidazole. Significance as natural products, drugs, biologically active compounds, industrial intermediates, use as reagents, building blocks or auxiliaries in organic synthesis. Structure and significance of Penicillin.

   Unit 7.             Six membered Heterocyclic Compounds I

   Synthesis, reactions, physical and spectroscopic properties of Pyridine, Pyrylium ion, Quinoline, Isoquinoline and Coumarin. Influence of imine group on the reactivity of pyridine. Bioactive pyridines such as Nicotine, Sulphapyridine and Isoniazide. Structure and significances of Morphine and Quinine.

   Unit 8.             Six Membered Heterocyclic Compounds II

   Synthesis, reactions physical and spectroscopic properties of isomeric Dioxanes and Diazines, Triazines and Tetrazines. Significance as natural products, drugs, biologically active compounds, industrial intermediates, use as reagents, building blocks or auxiliaries in organic synthesis. Structure and significance of vitamin B₂.

   Unit 9  .           Seven Membered Heterocyclic Compounds

   Synthesis, reactions, physical and spectroscopic properties of Oxepin, Thiepin, Azepine and Diazepines. Significance as natural products such as Muscaflavine and Chalciporon, drugs, biologically active compounds, industrial intermediates, use as reagents, building blocks or auxiliaries in organic synthesis. Structure and significance of Diazepam.

   Recommended Books:

   1.         T. Eicher, S. Hauptmann, The Chemistry of Heterocycles, George Thieme Verlog New York, 1995.

   2.         R. K. Bansel, Heterocyclic Chemistry, New Age International Pvt. Ltd, 4^th Edition, 2005.

   3.         T. L. Gilchrist, Heterocyclic Chemistry, Pearson, 2005.

   4.         J. A. Joule, K. Mills, Heterocyclic Chemistry, Blackwell science UK,                      4^th Edition, 2000.

   Supplementary Books:

   1.         J. M. Louden, Organic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2002.

   2.         F. A. Carey, R. J. Sandberg, Advance Organic Chemistry, Kulver Academic Plenum Publisher, 2000.

   3.         R. H. Acheson, An Introduction to Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, John Wiley New York, 3^rd Edition, 1976.

3. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds -2586

Course Code: 2586                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.            Symmetry Elements and Operations

Introduction to symmetry elements: plane of symmetry: s. axis of symmetry (proper rotations): Cn . Inversion centre: I. Improper rotations: Sn. Identity E with suitable examples. Impact of geometric symmetry on chemistry. Concept of Chirality and optical activity.

Unit 2.             Point Groups

Background to point groups. The nonaxial groups.C_s, C_i, C₁. Point groups. Axial groups containing Mirror planes: C_nh and C_nv. Axial groups with multiple rotation axes: D_n, D_nd and D_nh. Cyclic groups: C_n and S_n. Exercises to assign point groups to molecules.

Unit 3.             Conformational Aspects of Cyclohexane and Related Compounds

Cyclohexane. Monosubstituted cyclohexanes. Disubstituted and polysubstituted cyclohexanes. Conformation and physical properties in cyclohexane derivatives. Conformation and reactivity in cyclohexane derivatives.

Unit 4.             Configurations

Relative and absolute configuration. Absolute configuration and notation. Determination of absolute configuration. Relative configuration and notation. Determination of relative configuration. The Fischer, Newmann and Sawhorse Projections.

Unit 5.             Configuration of Cyclic Molecules

Stereoisomerism and configurational nomenclature of ring compounds. Determination of configuration of substituted ring compounds. Stability of cyclic molecules.

Unit 6.             Chirality in Molecules Devoid of Chiral Centres

Introduction. Nomenclature. Allenes. Alkylidenecycloalkanes. Spiranes. Biphenyls (Atropisomerism). Helicenes. Molecules with planar chirality. Cyclostereoisomerism.

Unit 7.             Heterotopic Ligands and Faces

Introduction. Terminology. Homotopic and heterotopic ligands and faces: homotopic ligands and faces, enantiotopic ligands and faces, diastereotopic ligands and faces, concepts and nomenclature.

Unit 8.             Stereochemical Reactions

Stereoselectivity and stereospecificity. Stereoselective synthesis by using active substrate, active reagent, active catalyst/ solvent and circularly polarized light.

Unit 9.             Methods of Resolution

Conversion to diastereomers. Differential adsorption. Chiral recognition. Biochemical processes. Mechanical separation. Kinetic resolution. Deracemization.

Books Recommended:

1.         M. B. Smith and J. March^, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.

2.         D. J. Willock, Molecular Symmetry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009.

3.         E.L. Eliel, S.H. Wilen and L.N. Mandes, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994.

1. Chemistry of Natural Products -2587

Course Code: 2587                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Introduction and Classification of Natural Products

Historical aspects. Trivial names. Classification on the basis of structure and functions.Significance of Natural Products. Recent Advances in Natural Product Chemistry.

Unit 2.             Isolation of Natural Products

Isolation employing chemical reagents. Chromatography on impregnated adsorbents.  Some specific methods.

Unit 3.             Biological Ways of Reactions

Alkylation reactions. Nucleophilic substitution. Electrophilic addition. Wagner–Meerwein rearrangements. Aldol and claisen reactions. Schiff base formation and the mannich reaction. Transamination. Decarboxylation  reactions. Oxidation and reduction reactions. Dehydrogenases. Oxidases. Mono-oxygenases.  Dioxygenases.  Amine oxidases.  Baeyer–Villiger Oxidations. Phenolic oxidative coupling. Glycosylation reactions.

Unit 4.             Enzymes and Co-enzymes

Nomenclature and classisfication of enzymes. Properties of enzymes. chemical nature of enzymes. Riboflavin phosphate (FMN). FAD. Pyradoxil Phosphate. UDP. ATP and ADP. NAD and NADH

Unit 5.             Terpenoids

Defination and classification. Isoprene rule.  Nomenclature of         terpenoids.  Biosynthesis of building blocks. Linear terpenoids. Cyclic     terpenoids. Monoterpenoids from geranyl pyrophosphate. Sesquiterpenoids. Diterpenoids. Sesterterpenoinds.

Unit 6.             Steroids

Chemistry and general routes of biogenesis of bile acids. Sex hormones. Adrenocortical hormones and vitamin D.

Unit 7.             Phenolics

Structural types. Occurrence, isolation and structure elucidation of phenolics.   Classification of Flavonoids. Bioynthesis of lignin. cyanidin 3-glucoside. Rotenone. and plant naphthoquinones.

Unit 8.             Alkaloids I

Introduction, structural types, occurrence, and structural elucidation of alkaloids. Biosynthesis of pyrrolidine,  piperidine,  pyrrolizidine and quanolizidine alkaloids.

Unit 9.             Alkaloids II

Biosynthesis of monocyclic compounds and tetrahydroisoquinoline. Alkaloids from phenylalanine and tyrosine, and indole alkaloids derived from tryptophan.

Books Recommended:

1.         P.B. Saxena, “Chemistry of Alkaloids” Discovery Publishing House New Dehli, India, 2007

2.         V. K. Ahluwalia L.S. Kumar and S. Kumar. “Chemistry of Natural Products” Ane Books India, 2006.

3.         N.D.Prajapati, S.S.Purohit, A.K. Sharma and T. Kumar “A Handbook of Medicinal Plants” Agrobios, India, 2006.

4.         J. Mann, R.S. Davidson, J.B. Hobbs and D.V. Banthorpe, “Natural Products: Their Chemistry and Biological Significance” Longman Scientific &Technical, 1994.

5.         P.S. Kalsi, “Chemistry of Natural Products” Kalyani Publishers, New Dehli, India, 1983.

6.         I.L.Finar, “Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural Products” Longmans Orient. 1974.

     Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry -2589

1. Course Code: 2589                                                         Credit Hours: 03

   Unit 1.             Fundamental Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

   The nuclear spin, nuclear magnetic moment, Absorption of energy (resonance). Larmor frequency. The NMR equation. Boltzmann population distribution.

   Unit 2.             The Chemical Shift

   The chemical shift. Effect of shielding, deshielding and Magnetic anisotropy. Proton chemical shifts. Chemical and magnetic equivalence of protons in NMR. n+1 rule. Rules for splitting of protons. Some simple NMR spectra.

   Unit 3.             Spin Systems and Coupling Constants

   ¹H chemical shifts: electronic effects, Spin system, Pople Notation for spin system. AX, AMX, AX₂, AX₃, A₂X₂, AA^׳XX^׳ spin systems. Homonuclear spin-spin coupling. Coupling constants. Karplus equation. Finding coupling constant form doublet, triplet, quartet, doublet of doublet.

   Unit 4.             ¹³C- NMR Spectroscopy I

   ¹³C chemical shifts. Factors affecting chemical shifts in ¹³C-NMR. Coupling of ¹³C-¹H. Broad Band Decoupled Carbon spectra. DEPT spectra.

   Unit 5.             ¹³C- NMR Spectroscopy II

   ¹³C-¹³C couplings. Correlation of ¹³C shifts. Interpretation of C-13 spectra of simple organic molecules.

   Unit 6.             Mass Spectrometry I

   Introduction. Instrumentation and the recording of spectra. Recognition of Molecular ion peak, Determination of precise molecular mass. Determination of molecular formula. Mass Fragmentation mechanisms of organic compounds.

   Unit 7.             Mass Spectrometry II

   Chemical ionization. Direct chemical ionization.  Electrospray ionization. Fast atom bombardment. Field desorption. Field ionization etc.

   Unit 8.             Structure Elucidation by Joint Application of UV, IR, NMR, and Mass Spectrometry I

   General approach. Some simple worked examples (at least ten).

   Unit 9.             Structure Elucidation by Joint Application of UV, IR, NMR, and Mass Spectrometry II

                           Some advanced worked examples (at least five). Problems.    

   Books Recommended:

   1.         E.N.Jacobsen, NMR Data Interpretation Explained: Understanding 1D and 2D NMR Spectra of Organic Compounds and Natural Products, John Wiley and Sons, 2016.

   2.         A.U.Rahman, M. I. Choudhary, Editors, Applications of NMR Spectroscopy, Volume I, Bentham Science Publishers, 2015.

   3.         J. Lambert, S. Gronert, H. Shurvell, D. Lightner, R. G. Cooks, Organic Structural Spectroscopy, Pearson New International Edition, 2nd Edition, 2013.

   4.         T. Forrest, J.P. Rabine, M. Rouillard, Organic Spectroscopy Workbook, John Wiley, 2011.

   5.         E. De Hoffmann; Mass Spectrometry, third edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2007.

   6.         Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman , George S. Kriz, Introduction to Spectroscopy, Thomson, 2001.

   7.         M. Hesse, H. Meier, B. Zeeh; Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, George Thieme Verlag, 1997.

2. Special Organic Reactions -2590

Course Code: 2590                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Oxidation and Reduction Reactions I

Introduction to oxidation and reduction. Mechanisms of oxidation and reduction reactions. Oxidation reactions: elimination of hydrogen, oxidation involving cleavage of C-C bonds, reactions involving replacement of hydrogen by oxygen, oxidative coupling, and reactions in which oxygen is added to the substrate.

Unit 2.             Oxidation and Reduction Reactions II

Reduction reactions: Reactions involving replacement of oxygen and hydrogen, reactions in which an oxygen atom is removed from the substrate, reduction with cleavage, reductive coupling, reactions in which an organic substrate is both oxidized and reduced.

Unit 3.             Molecular Rearrangements I

Introduction to molecular rearrangements. Mechanisms of nucleophilic rearrangements, electrophilic rearrangements, and free radical rearrangements.

Unit 4.             Molecular Rearrangements II

                        Carbon to carbon migrations: Wagner Meerwien rearrangement,

Pinacol-pinacolone earrangement, expansion and contraction of rings, Favorskii rearrangement, Arndt Eistert Synthesis, and Neber rearrangement.

Unit 5.             Molecular Rearrangements III

Carbon to heteroatom migrations: Hoffmann rearrangement, Curtius rearrangement, Lossen rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement, Beckmann rearrangement, Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement, and rearrangement of hydroperoxides. 

Unit 6.             Metal Catalyzed Coupling Reactions

Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Aryl Halides to Form C–C Bonds: Suzuki, Heck, Negishi, Sonogashira, Hiyama, Stille coupling reactions and there mechanisms.

Unit 7.             Pericyclic Reactions

Introduction to pericyclic reactions including general features, classification, and methods of analysis of pericyclic reactions. Basic concepts regarding conrotation, disrotation, and symmetry conservation.

Unit 8.             Electrocyclic Rearrangements

Mechanism and reactions of electrocyclic rearrangements. Photochemical electrocyclizations, and electrocyclization of radicals and radical ions.

Unit 9.             Sigmatropic Rearrangements

Mechanism of sigmatropic rearrangements. Reactions involving sigmatropic rearrangements: Cope rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Fisher indole Synthesis, benzidine rearrangement, other cyclic and non- cyclic rearrangements, and hydride shifts.

Books Recommended:

1.         C. M. Rojas, Molecular Rearrangements in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2015

2.         M.B. Smith and J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha, Ltd. Tokyo, 7^th Edition, 2013.

3.         A. de Meijere (Editor), F. Diederich (Editor), Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions, 2nd, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition, Wiley VCH, 2004.

4.         F.L.Ansari, R.Qureshi and M.L.Qureshi, Electrocyclic Reactions, Wiley VCH, 1998.

1. Organic Synthesis-2591

Course Code: 2591                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Basic Concepts Regarding Disconnection Approach

The need for synthesis, the concept of Retrosynthesis, synthons and synthetic equivalents, disconnection, functional group interconversions, importance of order of events in organic synthesis. Specific examples with analysis and syntheses.

Unit 2.             One Group C-Heteroatom Disconnections

Spotting C-X bond disconnection. Synthesis of acid derivatives, alcohols, ethers, sulphides, by using one group C-X disconnection. Exercise of retrosynthetic analysis of weed killer propanil and synthesis. Significance of chemoselectivity in attaining control.

Unit 3.             Two Group C-Heteroatom Disconnections

1,1, 1,2 & 1,3-difunctionalised compounds. Reversal of polarity. Synthesis of epoxides and α-Halocarbonyl compounds. Exercise of retrosynthetic analysis of Salbutamol and synthesis. Amine synthesis. Common protecting groups, principle of protection of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and amines.

Unit 4.             One Group C-C Disconnections I

Synthesis of carbonyl compounds by 1,1 C-C disconnections and epoxides

by 1,2 C-C disconnection of alcohols. Michael versus direct addition of carbanions to α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

Unit 5.             One Group C-C Disconnections II

Synthesis of Carbonyl compounds by alkylation of enols. The retrosynthetic analysis and planning the synthesis using malonate and acetoacetate. Regioselectivity in Michael reaction. Reliable methods for generating alkenes. Stereoselective introduction of C=C by Wittig reaction. Significance of retrosynthesis of acetylenes in organic synthesis.

Unit 6.             Two Group C-C Disconnections I

Stereochemical aspects of Diels-Alder Reaction and its regioselectivity. Introduction to Carbonyl condensations. 1,3-Dicarbonylcompounds, ß-Hydroxy carbonyl compounds and a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Control in cabonyl condensation.

Unit 7.             Two Group C-C Disconnections II

1,5-Difunctionalised compounds. Michael addition and Robinson annelation. Use of aliphatic nitro compounds in synthesis. Concept of latent functionality and nitrocompounds as acyl anion equivalents. Synthesis of 1,2-Difunctionalised compounds from acylanion equivalents and α-functionalisation of carbonyl compounds. Radical reactions in synthesis. Functional group addition (FGA) and its reverse.

Unit 8.             Two Group C-C Disconnections  III

Use of specific enol and acyl anion equivalents in the synthesis of 1,4-difunctionalised compounds. Synthesis of 1,2 and 1,4-Difunctionalised  compounds by C=C cleavage. 1,6- Difunctionalised compounds. Strategy of carbonyl disconnections.

Unit 9.             Ring Syntheses

                        Introduction to ring synthesis. Synthesis of three, four, five, six and seven membered rings with special emphasis on the synthesis of six-membered rings.

Books Recommended:

1.         J. G. Smith, Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, 3^rd Edition, 2010.

2.         M. Louden, Organic Chemistry, Roberts Company Publishers, 5^th Edition, 2009.

3.         J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Worthers, Organic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2001.

4.         S. Warren, Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

5.         M. Fox, J. K Whitsell, Organic Chemistry, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 3^rd Edition, 1997.

6.         Tse-Lok Ho, Symmetry, a Basis for Synthesis Design, Wiley Inter Science, 1995.

7.         R. O. C. Norman, J. M. Coxon, Principles of Organic Synthesis, CRC Press, 3^rd Edition, 1993.

Supplementary Books:

1.         J. Furhop, G. Penzlin, Organic synthesis, VCH, Weinhein, Germany, 2^nd Edition, 1994.

2.         R. K. Mackie, D. M. Smith, Guide book to Organic Synthesis, Longman Group Limited, 1982.

1. Advanced Organic Chemistry Lab-I-2597

Course Code: 2597                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Part I:             Purification  of Solvents

Unit 1.             Purification of ethanol.

Unit 2.             Purification of ether.

Unit 3.             Purification of ethyl acetate.

Unit 4.             Purification of acetonitrile.

Part II:           Natural Product Chemistry

Unit 5.             Isolation, purification and characterization of carotenoids.

Unit 6.             Isolation, purification and characterization of terpenes.                 

Unit 7.             Isolation, purification and characterization of alkaloids.      

Unit 8.             Isolation, purification and characterization of flavonoids.

Unit 9.             Anti-oxidant studies of flavonoids.

Note: Lab orientation on good lab practices will be given in the beginning of the lab.

Books Recommended:

1.         R. H. Hill, D. C. Finster, Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students, John Wiley and Sons, 2016

2.     J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes, M.J.K. Thomas, Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6^th Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2004.

3.         R.A. Day, Jr, A.L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, 6^th Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2004.

4.         D.L.Pavia, G.M. Lampman, G.S.Kriz, and R.G. Engel, Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques-A microscale approach, 5^th  Edition, Saunders College Publishing, New York, 2013.

5.         Nasir-ud-din, Introduction to Laboratory Manners, Safety, Precautions, and First Aid 1996.

6.        M.J. Plotkin An Ethno botanist Searches for New Medicines in the Amazon Rain Forest, Penguin Books, New York, 1993.

1. Advanced Organic Chemistry Lab-II-2598

Course Code: 2598                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Part I:             Isolation and Identification of Drugs

Unit 1.             Isolation, identification and quantitative estimation of anti-tubercular antibiotics.

Unit 2.             Isolation, identification and quantitative estimation of amoxicillin / cephalosporin.

Unit 3.             Isolation and identification of anti-malarial drugs and tranquilizers.

(Note: i.          Quantitative estimation will be done by spectrophotometric /titrimetric       methods

ii.         At least two drugs from each category would be isolated and identified).

Part II:           Single Step Synthesis

Unit 4.             Synthesis of polyester and polystyrene.

Unit 5.             Preparation of soap and a detergent.

Unit 6.             Synthesis of N, N-Diethyl-m-toluamide- An insect repellent.

Unit 7.             Photo reduction of benzophenone.

Unit 8.             Preparation of sulfanilamide (Sulfa Drugs).

Unit 9.            Preparation of benzocaine.

Recommended Books:

1.         R. H. Hill, D.C. Finster, Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students, John Wiley and Sons, 2016

2.         D.L. Pavia, G.M. Lampman, G.S.Kriz, and R.G. Engel, Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques – A micro scale approach”, 5^th  Edition, Saunders College Publishing, New York, 2013.

3.         J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes, M.J.K. Thomas, Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6^th Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2004.

4.         R.A. Day, Jr, A.L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, 6^th Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2004.

5.         Nasir-ud-Din, Introduction to Laboratory Manners, Safety, Precautions, and First Aid 1996.

6..        E.G.C. Clarke, Isolation and Identification of Drugs, The Pharmaceutical Press, London 1975.

OR

SPECIALIAZATION IN INORGANIC/ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY-0

1. Coordination Chemistry-2539
2. Non-Spectroscopic Instrumental Methods of Analysis-2540
3. Basic Instrumental Methods of Analysis-2541
4. Advance Inorganic Chemistry Lab-1-2542
5. Advance Inorganic Chemistry Lab-II-2543
6. Organmetallic Chemistry-2544
7. Group Theory for Chemist & its Applications-2545
8. Industrial Chemistry-2546
9. Advanced Environmental Chemistry-2547
10. Advance Inorganic Chemistry Lab- III-3561
11. Advance Inorganic Chemistry Lab-IV-3562

 

OR

 

SPECIALIAZATION IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-0

1. Chemical Kinetics-2548
2. Quantum Chemistry-2549
3. Electrochemistry-2550
4. Polymer Chemistry-2567
5. Advance Physical Chemistry Lab-1-2568
6. Advance Physical Chemistry Lab-II-2569
7. Molecular Spectroscopy-2570
8. Chemical Thermodynamics-2571
9. Solution Chemistry-2572
10. Surface Chemistry-2599
11. Advanced Physical Chemistry Lab-III-3563
12. Advanced Physical Chemistry Lab-IV-3564

 

SPECIALIZATION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-0

1. Heterocyclic Chemistry-2585

Course Code: 2585                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Nomenclature of Heterocyclic Compounds, Synthesis and Significance

Introduction to heterocyclic compounds. Their Hantzsch-Widman, replacement and systematic nomenclature. General strategies for heterocyclic synthesis. Significance of heterocyclic compounds.

Unit 2.             General Principles

Bonding and ring strain in cyclic compounds and their heterocyclic counterparts. Basicity and acidity of heterocyclic compounds. Aromaticity, non aromaticity, antiaromaticity, anomeric effect, heteroatom replacement, tautomerism in heterocyclic compounds. Geometric and stereochemical aspects of heterocycles.

Unit 3.             Three Membered Heterocyclic Compounds

Synthesis, reactions, physical properties i.e ring strain, nucleophilic ring opening, behavior as bases and spectroscopic properties of three membered heterocyclic compounds namely Aziridine, Oxirane and Thiirane. Significance of three membered heterocyclic compounds. Structure, preparation and applications of epoxy resins.

Unit 4.             Four Membered Heterocyclic Compounds

Reactions, physical and spectroscopic properties of Oxetane, Azetidine, Thietane and their preparation including Halohydrin method and Paterno Buchi reaction. Significance as natural products, drugs, biologically active compounds, industrial intermediates, use as reagents, building blocks or auxiliaries in organic synthesis. Structure and significance of Taxol.

Unit 5.             Five Membered Heterocyclic Compounds Containing One Heteroatom

Chemical structure, degree of aromaticity, physical and spectroscopic properties of Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, Indole and Benzofuran. General strategies for the synthesis of five membered rings. Chemical reactions and orientation of substituents on ring. Structure and significance of five membered heterocyclic compounds.

Unit 6.             Five Membered Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Two Heteroatoms

Synthesis, reactions, physical and spectroscopic properties of Oxazole, Thiazole, Imidazole, Triazole and Benzimidazole. Significance as natural products, drugs, biologically active compounds, industrial intermediates, use as reagents, building blocks or auxiliaries in organic synthesis. Structure and significance of Penicillin.

Unit 7.             Six membered Heterocyclic Compounds I

Synthesis, reactions, physical and spectroscopic properties of Pyridine, Pyrylium ion, Quinoline, Isoquinoline and Coumarin. Influence of imine group on the reactivity of pyridine. Bioactive pyridines such as Nicotine, Sulphapyridine and Isoniazide. Structure and significances of Morphine and Quinine.

Unit 8.             Six Membered Heterocyclic Compounds II

Synthesis, reactions physical and spectroscopic properties of isomeric Dioxanes and Diazines, Triazines and Tetrazines. Significance as natural products, drugs, biologically active compounds, industrial intermediates, use as reagents, building blocks or auxiliaries in organic synthesis. Structure and significance of vitamin B₂.

Unit 9  .           Seven Membered Heterocyclic Compounds

Synthesis, reactions, physical and spectroscopic properties of Oxepin, Thiepin, Azepine and Diazepines. Significance as natural products such as Muscaflavine and Chalciporon, drugs, biologically active compounds, industrial intermediates, use as reagents, building blocks or auxiliaries in organic synthesis. Structure and significance of Diazepam.

Recommended Books:

1.         T. Eicher, S. Hauptmann, The Chemistry of Heterocycles, George Thieme Verlog New York, 1995.

2.         R. K. Bansel, Heterocyclic Chemistry, New Age International Pvt. Ltd, 4^th Edition, 2005.

3.         T. L. Gilchrist, Heterocyclic Chemistry, Pearson, 2005.

4.         J. A. Joule, K. Mills, Heterocyclic Chemistry, Blackwell science UK,                      4^th Edition, 2000.

Supplementary Books:

1.         J. M. Louden, Organic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2002.

2.         F. A. Carey, R. J. Sandberg, Advance Organic Chemistry, Kulver Academic Plenum Publisher, 2000.

3.         R. H. Acheson, An Introduction to Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, John Wiley New York, 3^rd Edition, 1976.

1. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds -2586

Course Code: 2586                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.            Symmetry Elements and Operations

Introduction to symmetry elements: plane of symmetry: s. axis of symmetry (proper rotations): Cn . Inversion centre: I. Improper rotations: Sn. Identity E with suitable examples. Impact of geometric symmetry on chemistry. Concept of Chirality and optical activity.

Unit 2.             Point Groups

Background to point groups. The nonaxial groups.C_s, C_i, C₁. Point groups. Axial groups containing Mirror planes: C_nh and C_nv. Axial groups with multiple rotation axes: D_n, D_nd and D_nh. Cyclic groups: C_n and S_n. Exercises to assign point groups to molecules.

Unit 3.             Conformational Aspects of Cyclohexane and Related Compounds

Cyclohexane. Monosubstituted cyclohexanes. Disubstituted and polysubstituted cyclohexanes. Conformation and physical properties in cyclohexane derivatives. Conformation and reactivity in cyclohexane derivatives.

Unit 4.             Configurations

Relative and absolute configuration. Absolute configuration and notation. Determination of absolute configuration. Relative configuration and notation. Determination of relative configuration. The Fischer, Newmann and Sawhorse Projections.

Unit 5.             Configuration of Cyclic Molecules

Stereoisomerism and configurational nomenclature of ring compounds. Determination of configuration of substituted ring compounds. Stability of cyclic molecules.

Unit 6.             Chirality in Molecules Devoid of Chiral Centres

Introduction. Nomenclature. Allenes. Alkylidenecycloalkanes. Spiranes. Biphenyls (Atropisomerism). Helicenes. Molecules with planar chirality. Cyclostereoisomerism.

Unit 7.             Heterotopic Ligands and Faces

Introduction. Terminology. Homotopic and heterotopic ligands and faces: homotopic ligands and faces, enantiotopic ligands and faces, diastereotopic ligands and faces, concepts and nomenclature.

Unit 8.             Stereochemical Reactions

Stereoselectivity and stereospecificity. Stereoselective synthesis by using active substrate, active reagent, active catalyst/ solvent and circularly polarized light.

Unit 9.             Methods of Resolution

Conversion to diastereomers. Differential adsorption. Chiral recognition. Biochemical processes. Mechanical separation. Kinetic resolution. Deracemization.

Books Recommended:

1.         M. B. Smith and J. March^, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.

2.         D. J. Willock, Molecular Symmetry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009.

3.         E.L. Eliel, S.H. Wilen and L.N. Mandes, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994.

1. Chemistry of Natural Products -2587

 

Course Code: 2587                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Introduction and Classification of Natural Products

Historical aspects. Trivial names. Classification on the basis of structure and functions.Significance of Natural Products. Recent Advances in Natural Product Chemistry.

Unit 2.             Isolation of Natural Products

Isolation employing chemical reagents. Chromatography on impregnated adsorbents.  Some specific methods.

Unit 3.             Biological Ways of Reactions

Alkylation reactions. Nucleophilic substitution. Electrophilic addition. Wagner–Meerwein rearrangements. Aldol and claisen reactions. Schiff base formation and the mannich reaction. Transamination. Decarboxylation  reactions. Oxidation and reduction reactions. Dehydrogenases. Oxidases. Mono-oxygenases.  Dioxygenases.  Amine oxidases.  Baeyer–Villiger Oxidations. Phenolic oxidative coupling. Glycosylation reactions.

Unit 4.             Enzymes and Co-enzymes

Nomenclature and classisfication of enzymes. Properties of enzymes. chemical nature of enzymes. Riboflavin phosphate (FMN). FAD. Pyradoxil Phosphate. UDP. ATP and ADP. NAD and NADH.

Unit 5.             Terpenoids

Defination and classification. Isoprene rule.  Nomenclature of         terpenoids.  Biosynthesis of building blocks. Linear terpenoids. Cyclic     terpenoids. Monoterpenoids from geranyl pyrophosphate. Sesquiterpenoids. Diterpenoids. Sesterterpenoinds

Unit 6.             Steroids

Chemistry and general routes of biogenesis of bile acids. Sex hormones. Adrenocortical hormones and vitamin D.

Unit 7.             Phenolics

Structural types. Occurrence, isolation and structure elucidation of phenolics.   Classification of Flavonoids. Bioynthesis of lignin. cyanidin 3-glucoside. Rotenone. and plant naphthoquinones.

Unit 8.             Alkaloids I

Introduction, structural types, occurrence, and structural elucidation of alkaloids. Biosynthesis of pyrrolidine,  piperidine,  pyrrolizidine and quanolizidine alkaloids.

Unit 9.             Alkaloids II

Biosynthesis of monocyclic compounds and tetrahydroisoquinoline. Alkaloids from phenylalanine and tyrosine, and indole alkaloids derived from tryptophan.

Books Recommended:

1.         P.B. Saxena, “Chemistry of Alkaloids” Discovery Publishing House New Dehli, India, 2007

2.         V. K. Ahluwalia L.S. Kumar and S. Kumar. “Chemistry of Natural Products” Ane Books India, 2006.

3.         N.D.Prajapati, S.S.Purohit, A.K. Sharma and T. Kumar “A Handbook of Medicinal Plants” Agrobios, India, 2006.

4.         J. Mann, R.S. Davidson, J.B. Hobbs and D.V. Banthorpe, “Natural Products: Their Chemistry and Biological Significance” Longman Scientific &Technical, 1994.

5.         P.S. Kalsi, “Chemistry of Natural Products” Kalyani Publishers, New Dehli, India, 1983.

6.         I.L.Finar, “Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural Products” Longmans Orient. 1974.

 

1. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry -2589

 

Course Code: 2589                                                         Credit Hours: 03

Unit 1.             Fundamental Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

The nuclear spin, nuclear magnetic moment, Absorption of energy (resonance). Larmor frequency. The NMR equation. Boltzmann population distribution.

Unit 2.             The Chemical Shift

The chemical shift. Effect of shielding, deshielding and Magnetic anisotropy. Proton chemical shifts. Chemical and magnetic equivalence of protons in NMR. n+1 rule. Rules for splitting of protons. Some simple NMR spectra.

Unit 3.             Spin Systems and Coupling Constants

¹H chemical shifts: electronic effects, Spin system, Pople Notation for spin system. AX, AMX, AX₂, AX₃, A₂X₂, AA^׳XX^׳ spin systems. Homonuclear spin-spin coupling. Coupling constants. Karplus equation. Finding coupling constant form doublet, triplet, quartet, doublet of doublet.

Unit 4.             ¹³C- NMR Spectroscopy I

¹³C chemical shifts. Factors affecting chemical shifts in ¹³C-NMR. Coupling of ¹³C-¹H. Broad Band Decoupled Carbon spectra. DEPT spectra.       

Unit 5.            ¹³C- NMR Spectroscopy II

¹³C-¹³C couplings. Correlation of ¹³C shifts. Interpretation of C-13 spectra of simple organic molecules.

Unit 6.             Mass Spectrometry I

Introduction. Instrumentation and the recording of spectra. Recognition of Molecular ion peak, Determination of precise molecular mass. Determination of molecular formula. Mass Fragmentation mechanisms of organic compounds.

Unit 7.             Mass Spectrometry II

Chemical ionization. Direct chemical ionization.  Electrospray ionization. Fast atom bombardment. Field desorption. Field ionization etc

Unit 8.             Structure Elucidation by Joint Application of UV, IR, NMR, and Mass Spectrometry I

General approach. Some simple worked examples (at least ten).

Unit 9.             Structure Elucidation by Joint Application of UV, IR, NMR, and Mass Spectrometry II

                        Some advanced worked examples (at least five). Problems.    

Books Recommended:

1.         E.N.Jacobsen, NMR Data Interpretation Explained: Understanding 1D and 2D NMR Spectra of Organic Compounds and Natural Products, John Wiley and Sons, 2016.

2.         A.U.Rahman, M. I. Choudhary, Editors, Applications of NMR Spectroscopy, Volume I, Bentham Science Publishers, 2015.

3.         J. Lambert, S. Gronert, H. Shurvell, D. Lightner, R. G. Cooks, Organic Structural Spectroscopy, Pearson New International Edition, 2nd Edition, 2013.

4.         T. Forrest, J.P. Rabine, M. Rouillard, Organic Spectroscopy Workbook, John Wiley, 2011.

5.         E. De Hoffmann; Mass Spectrometry, third edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2007.

6.         Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman , George S. Kriz, Introduction to Spectroscopy, Thomson, 2001.

7.         M. Hesse, H. Meier, B. Zeeh; Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, George Thieme Verlag, 1997.

1. Special Organic Reactions -2590
2. Organic Synthesis-2591
3. Advanced Organic Chemistry Lab-I-2597
4. Advanced Organic Chemistry Lab-II-2598

OR

SPECIALIAZATION IN INORGANIC/ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY-0

1. Coordination Chemistry-2539
2. Non-Spectroscopic Instrumental Methods of Analysis-2540
3. Basic Instrumental Methods of Analysis-2541
4. Advance Inorganic Chemistry Lab-1-2542
5. Advance Inorganic Chemistry Lab-II-2543
6. Organmetallic Chemistry-2544
7. Group Theory for Chemist & its Applications-2545
8. Industrial Chemistry-2546
9. Advanced Environmental Chemistry-2547
10. Advance Inorganic Chemistry Lab- III-3561
11. Advance Inorganic Chemistry Lab-IV-3562

OR

SPECIALIAZATION IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-0

1. Chemical Kinetics-2548
2. Quantum Chemistry-2549
3. Electrochemistry-2550
4. Polymer Chemistry-2567
5. Advance Physical Chemistry Lab-1-2568
6. Advance Physical Chemistry Lab-II-2569
7. Molecular Spectroscopy-2570
8. Chemical Thermodynamics-2571
9. Solution Chemistry-2572
10. Surface Chemistry-2599
11. Advanced Physical Chemistry Lab-III-3563
12. Advanced Physical Chemistry Lab-IV-3564